Thursday, January 21, 2016



GOLGI  COMPLEX
Golgi complex  represents  a differentiated  part  of  endo  membrane   system  .   It  occurs  between  ER and  plasma  membrane. The  part  of   cytoplasm  where golgi body occurs  is  free  from  ribosomes,  glycogen  and   mitochondria. This   part is  called  zone  of   exclusion.
Ultra  structure  of Golgi body:-
Golgi  complex  has  dictyosomes   .  Dictyosomes  consist  of stack of  curved  disc   like  structures called  cisternae. Cisternae have   dilated   peripheral  rigion. They  are  associated   with vesicles   and  tubules.
Dictyosome   shows   prolarization  which  is  called  cis-trans  axis. Its convex side  is   called  proximal or  forming  or cis face while  concave  side typing  toward plasma   membrane  is   called  distal,  maturing  or    trans  face.  Proximal  face  has   fenestrated   appearance due  to  fusion of   transitional    vesicles.
CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION  OF GOLGI BODY:-
Chemical  composition of   membrane  of  Golgi  complex   is  intermediate   between  that   of   plasma  membrane  and  ER.
Its   membrane   has  glycosyl   transferase   and    thiamine  pyrophosphatase  .
ROLES OF GOLGI  BODY:-
1.       The  most  important  function  of   golgi  complex  is  secretion .Various   substances   being  synthesized  by   ER  are   released   through  transitional vesicles. Transitional  vesicles   develop  as  bleb  from  ER . They   fuse  at cis face   of  golgi   body . Within  Golgi body   concentration  and  packaging  of  substances occur.Golgi  body  releases  substances   through  secretory  vesicles. Secretory  vesicles  fuse  to   plasma  membrane  to   release   substance.
2.       Golgi  body  is  involved   is   recycling of   plasma  membrane.
3.       It  is  responsible    for   cell  plate formation during   cytokinesis  in plant   cell  division.
4.       It is  responsible  for   acrosome   formation . Acrosome  occurs in  sperm  head . It  has   sperm  lysine.
5.       It is   involved in  lysosome   formation.
6.       It    is  involved  in   sulphation  of  protein.
7.       It  is   involved   in  glycosidation of  lipid  and  protein.

GERL:- Often  a  saccular  structure that   is  rich  in  acid  phosphatase is   associated  with   trans  face   of  dictyosome. It   is   called  GERL.  Acid   phosphatase   is   the  characteristic  enzyme  of  lysosome. GERL  is   implicated   in   formation   of  primary  lysosomes . It    is  involved  in formation  of  melanin   granules,  in  the   processing  and   packaging  of  secretory  material in   endocrine  and exocrine   cells   and  in  lipid    metabolism.
It   is   interpreted   as   a site  involved    in   sorting  out    of    proteins.

Friday, January 1, 2016


Organisms  with  eukaryotic  cells are members  of  kingdom ,Protista ,plantae,  animalia and fungi.
Structure of eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell, like prokaryotic cell has a plasma members ,which separates the cytoplasmic contents of the cell from the surrounding and acts as selectively permeable barier . All  eukaryotic cells are not identical.
Eukaryotic cell of photosynthetic   protists and plantae have cell wall, plastids and vacuoles  which  are  absent  in  protozoan protists  and  animal cells.
     On the other hand animal cells have centrioles which are absent in all most of plant cell.The  eukaryotic cells  have  membrane bounded  nucleus which contains DNA,Histone protein .The eukaryotic cells have number of structures which are specialized to perform particular  function . These structures are called  organells.

                                                                       EUKARYOTIC CELL

                                 CELL WALL                                                                                                     
                                                              PLASMA MEMBRANE                             NUCLEUS
                                                                                                      CYTOPLASM

                                                                                                                                   INCLUSIONS
                                                           CYTOSOL                        ORGANELLES

INCLUSIONS:-Reserve material stored in  the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion
-          Not  membrane   bound structure and free in the the  cytoplasm

It is the ability of somatic cells to form the complete organism
Cellular totipotency  was   1st proposed by  German  botanist  Herbertland (1902)

FLOW OF ENERGY:-Living   organism also  follow 2nd  thermodynamics , a/c to which every   system tends to increase  its  disorderliness  or “ entropy”  . But living system  organization  maintained at  every  level .
The energy is utilized to maintain organization at various  level , that’s why its important to collect  the energy  from its surrounding in a way as follows:-

RADIENT ENERGY                                                          chloroplast
    

                                                                                Photosynthesis


   FOOD                                                                        Nutrient  molecule’s



                                                                                        Respiration


                                                                                                ATP (Biological  energy currency)
                                                                                                     Adenosine tri phosphate
FLOW OF INFORMATION :-1 Intrinsic  flow
                                                   Genetic flow of information
                                   2 extrinsic flow of information
                                   Flow of information to co-ordinationate   activities of  tissue
                                   INFORMATIONAL  MOLECULE  (eg: hormones)
                 

Wednesday, December 30, 2015


Cell:-The  unit of life
All  living things  are made up of cells .so , cell is called the unit of life. Even a single cell has capacity to generate its life independently…
Ex:-prosita and monera are single cell organization.while fugi ,plantae and animalia are made up of trillions of cell
       Its amaze ‘s to know you that human brain alone contain billion’s of cells

Cell  Theory
1.-All living things are made up of cells and product of cells
2.Cell are the units of structure and function of life and all the cells are identical at chemical level
        Above mentioned cell theory was given by Schleiden  (1838) and Swan (1839)
3”omnis cellula e cellula “(All cells arises from preexisting cells) was given by Rudorf Virchow (1858)

Types of cells (on the basis of organization )
1.prokaryotes :  Shape1to 2 micro meter
                        Lack membrane bounded structure
                       Ex: mycoplasma   bacterial cell
2.Eukaryotic cell :  Shape10 to 30 micro meter
                                Presence of membrane bounded  structure
                             Ex; Mitochondria , golgi body ,lysosomes  e.t.c

MESOKARYON:- “Mesokaryon”   term  proposed by Dodge
                             To describe nucleus of cells of Dinoflagellates
                             In interphage stage “ Mesokryon nucleus has condensed chromosomes which lack histon protein (basic in nature)

Types of cells ( on the basis of labour)
1Undifferentiated cell:-cells capabal of division and development
                                       Ex: stem cells of animal cells , zygote  cell
2differenciated cell:-post mitotic cell ,which became  specialized due to division of labour
3Dedifferentiated cell:- Differentiated cell revert to become undifferentiated cells
                                               Ex:-vegetative propagation in plant cell.